This month I’m sharing insights from Why Buddhism Is True by Robert Wright— a book that has deepened my understanding of how our brains work and what enables us to lead — at home, in our communities, and at work — with self-awareness, sound judgment, and a confident presence.

Wright argues — drawing on Buddhist teachings as well as modern neuroscience and evolutionary research — that our brains evolved for survival and status, not clarity. As a result, we’re wired for bias and self-protection — tendencies that can quietly distort perception and judgment.

This means the mind you lead with comes preloaded with reactive “factory settings.” Leadership effectiveness depends on recognizing those settings and learning to work with them skillfully rather than being ruled by them.

Before diving into the leadership implications, it helps to understand one of Wright’s core ideas: the mind is not a single, unified decision-maker. Instead, it is made up of different brain “modules,” each shaped by evolution, each designed to solve a survival problem. These brain modules are constantly competing with one another for influence. At a basic level, they revolve around threat detection, status protection, mate attraction, and social bonding. They evolved to help our ancestors survive and reproduce — not necessarily to help us think clearly or lead wisely.

Each evolved brain module has its own goal. It influences us by generating feelings — pride, defensiveness, anxiety, anger, desire — that create a strong urge to act, even when that action may not serve the situation. Much of this happens quickly and outside our conscious awareness. In any given moment, the module that is strongest can shape how we interpret events and respond.

Because these feelings and reactions seem true and urgent in the moment, we mistake them for reality. This helps explain how capable, well-intentioned leaders can become reactive, defensive, or overly certain — and why awareness of what is driving us is essential to sound judgment.

Ten Leadership Lessons Inspired by Why Buddhism Is True

1. Your mind wasn’t built for truth – it was built to keep you safe.

When a situation feels personal or high-stakes, the self-protection, status-seeking, or threat-detection brain modules may shape your first interpretation. Strong leaders don’t assume they’re unbiased; they assume they’re human. Pausing to ask, “Which part of me is reacting?” creates space for clearer judgment and sounder decisions.

2. The status-seeking module in the brain is never fully satisfied.

The part of the mind wired for achievement and recognition is rarely satisfied for long. That’s why promotions, wins, or praise bring only temporary relief. Leaders who recognize this can avoid building cultures of chronic striving and instead create space for sustainable motivation.

3. Strong reactions don’t always signal core values.

When a brain module is activated — especially around status, fairness, or threat — it generates strong emotions that can feel like truth. But feelings are motivational signals, not moral facts. Leadership maturity involves noticing them without automatically obeying them.

4. Defensiveness is natural – non-defensiveness is a core leadership skill.

The mind instinctively works to preserve a positive self-image. When feedback threatens that image, defensiveness is a natural reaction. Leadership growth begins when we can notice that reflex and remain open rather than protective. Learning to receive feedback without becoming defensive — and to separate identity from a single moment of critique — is one of the most important leadership skills we can develop.

5. The threat-detection brain module is always scanning.

We are wired to notice problems faster than what’s working. In leadership, that can create overcorrection, hyper-vigilance, or defensiveness. Awareness of this bias helps leaders respond proportionately rather than reactively — preserving perspective and optimism even while addressing real challenges.

6. The mind defends intention; leadership requires owning impact.

When something goes wrong, our first instinct is often to explain what we meant: “That’s not what I intended.” The blame-avoidance or status-protection brain module steps in quickly.

Leadership maturity means shifting the focus from intention to impact — asking, “How did this land?” and “What effect did it have?” — even when that’s uncomfortable. Strong leaders take responsibility for impact, not just intent.

7. Emotions are signals of activated brain modules.

Each module in the brain has a goal — but that goal is rooted in instinct and survival, not necessarily in what makes the most sense in a modern leadership context. To move us toward behaviors that historically increased survival or status, each module generates strong feelings. Anger may arise from the fairness-tracking module, pushing us to correct a perceived wrong. Anxiety may come from the threat-detection module, urging self-protection. Pride may reflect status-seeking, encouraging us to assert competence. Desire may reflect pleasure-seeking, pulling us toward reward.

These feelings aren’t random — they are motivational tools designed to trigger action quickly. But what once served survival doesn’t always serve sound judgment. Leaders who can notice the feeling before automatically acting on it create space for more intentional, context-appropriate decisions.

8. Conflict often reflects threatened instincts, not just different opinions.

When conflict arises, it rarely feels calm or neutral. It feels charged. That’s because something important feels threatened — status, fairness, belonging, or safety. When one of these brain modules is activated, it generates strong emotion and pushes us to defend our position.

This is why conflict can feel so personal and intense. It’s not just about the issue at hand — it’s about protecting something that feels important. Recognizing this helps leaders slow down and ask, “What feels threatened here?” That question can reduce escalation and shift the focus from winning to understanding.

9. Mindfulness creates space between impulse and action.

Reflection-based practices like the RAIN meditation (see Additional Resources below) don’t eliminate the brain’s modules; they help us notice which one is strongest in the moment. Instead of automatically acting on the loudest feeling, whether it’s anger, anxiety, pride, or urgency, leaders learn to pause and observe.

That pause doesn’t erase the emotion, but it often softens its intensity. By reducing the intensity of the immediate reaction, leaders experience a greater sense of space between a feeling and a behavior. Rather than reacting from a single dominant module in the brain, leaders can examine their thoughts and emotions more carefully and choose a response that fits the situation.

10. Compassion becomes practical.

If everyone in the room is operating from evolved modules designed for self-protection, status, fairness, and belonging, then reactive or defensive behavior makes more sense. It doesn’t excuse poor behavior — but it does make it more understandable.

Seen this way, compassion isn’t soft; it’s pragmatic. When leaders recognize the underlying human wiring at play, they respond with steadiness rather than judgment. Working with those instincts — rather than fighting or shaming them — creates more influence, trust, and forward movement.

Ultimately, if our brains come with built-in survival wiring, leadership growth begins with learning to see that clearly. The ability to pause and self-check before responding — especially when emotions are strong — is one of the most important leadership skills we can develop. That brief pause allows us to notice which brain module is driving us and choose a response rather than default to a reaction. The more aware we become of the internal dynamics shaping our reactions, the more choice we cultivate in how we lead — and the less personally we take what happens within and around us.

Additional Resources

• Click here for the meditation: RAIN by Jeff Warren — Recognize, Accept, Investigate, and Non-identification — a practical, step-by-step method for noticing reactive “factory settings” and working skillfully with the brain modules and emotional signals described in Why Buddhism Is True.

• Click here to listen to Why Buddhism is True with Robert Wright on 10% Happier with Dan Harris (episode 95; 63 minutes).